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BACKGROUND: Pedal fat pad atrophy is associated with pain, decreased tissue thickness, and elevated foot pressures. To date, no objective studies have investigated the utility of injecting fat into the forefoot to treat this costly and debilitating form of lipoatrophy. We hypothesize that pedal fat grafting can reduce pain, improve function, increase tissue thickness, and decrease pedal pressures.
METHODS: A randomized, controlled trial was performed, assessing tissue thickness, pain, and foot pressures after fat grafting to the forefoot. Patients were randomized to receive either fat grafting or conservative management. Ultrasound-assessed tissue thickness, pedobarograph-assessed foot pressures, and the Manchester Foot Pain and Disability Index (MFPDI) were obtained at baseline, 6mo, and 12mo visits. 18 patients (4 Male, 14 Female) comprised the treatment group, and 12 patients (4 Male, 8 Female) comprised the control group.
RESULTS: Average age was 60±8.7 years for the treatment group and 65.3±8.5 years for the control. Mean BMI was 26.8±4.7 and 25.6±6.1 in treatment and control groups respectively. 11 patients received bilateral injections with a mean volume of 4.8±0.8mL and 4.7±0.7mL in the right and left feet respectively. Mean follow-up time was 8.7±6.2 months for the treatment group and 13.8±4.2 months for controls (p=0.001). At 1 year, grafted subjects demonstrated improvements in foot function (p=0.022), pain (p=0.022), and work/leisure activities (p=0.021) with a significant increase in tissue thickness over the metatarsal heads (p<0.04) at 6 months but not at 12 months. However, controls experienced significant decreases in average metatarsal tissue thickness over the first 6 months (p<0.05), and in the thickness over the 3^rd metatarsal at 12 months (p=0.036), with most of the worsening occurring between the 6 month and 12 month time points (p=0.023). Foot pressures did not decrease after grafting. However, controls experienced increasing left foot pressure (P=0.011). When comparing the groups at 1 year, controls had significantly greater foot pressures and forces than patients receiving fat grafting (p<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: Despite decreasing tissue thickness over time, fat grafting for forefoot fat pad atrophy significantly improves pain and disability outcomes and prevents worsening foot forces and pressures. Pedal fat grafting is a safe, minimally invasive approach to treat fat pad atrophy with minimal downtime. Future analysis will reveal whether fat grafting has lasting efficacy.